Park Sociology - 1218 Words

â€Å"What brings children to the park† is a study conducted by Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris â€Å"aimed to understand how park visitation patterns differ between boys and girls, among children of different races and ethnicities, and between inner-city and suburban children. The study surveyed children and their parents in 12 middle schools and analyzed the results. The study also included an observation of children at 50 inner-city and 50 suburban parks and used multiple regression models containing park and neighborhood level variables to relate them to the numbers of children using parks† (Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris, 2009). This particular study used a sample from Los Angeles to collect data. Because the sample was taken only from Los†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"From the total of 100 parks, two parks were excluded as outliers, because soccer and baseball tournaments were occurring during some observation sessions, bringing a much higher number of children to these parks† (Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris 2009). I think this was a good decision by Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris as if they had left these outliers in the data the data would have been skewed and completely misrepresentative of the male population, therefore also affecting the overall population. Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris also excluded the same two parks as mentioned above from the boys model as the tournaments were boys only tournaments and would have only affected the boys model and not the girls.Three inner-city parks and one valley park were also excluded as outliers, however, Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris did not give a r eason as to why these parks were excluded. I am interested as to why the researchers did not give a reason as to why these parks were excluded as they gave a reason as to why they excluded all the other outliers. Because the children at the 50 inner city parks and 50 suburban parks were simply observed not questioned, there is potential for a lot of confounding variables. For example, because the children were merely observed they may have been counted more than once, leading to false information. Because the researchers were observing there was no way they would have known the child’sShow MoreRelatedPark Sociology1244 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"What Brings Children to the Park† is a study conducted by Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris. The study looks at how park visitation patterns differ between boys and girls of different races and ethnicities. The study also included an observation of children at 50 inner-city and 50 suburban parks as well as a survey of children and their parents in 12 middle schools (Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris, 2010). Loukaitou-Sideris and Sideris’ study uses causal language to describe their findings, this makesRead MoreVideo Analysis on the Long Walk Home749 Words   |  3 PagesSociology Midterm - Video Analysis 1. Summary: The film I chose for this analysis is The Long Walk Home, directed by Richard Pearce. This film is about Odessa, an African-American maid in the Thompson family’s household in Montgomery, Alabama in the 1950s. On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks ‘refused to obey bus driver James F. Blake’s order to give up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger, after the white section was filled.’ Ms. Parks was arrested and there followed the MontgomeryRead MoreGlobalization : Mcdonaldization Or Ikeaization?1325 Words   |  6 Pagesinterchange rate between countries, the intricacy and magnitude of systems involved, the capacity of commerce, and the uncertainty granted an unusual cogency to the term â€Å"globalization† (â€Å"Globalization, knowledge, and society: readings from International sociology,† 1990). However, in order for this process to be considered successful, companies need to approach the issue with a strategy, grasp the prime details of a culture, and recognize personal competitive advantages. If all these are achieved, IKEAizationRead MoreHumor: An Essentially Social Phenomenon1042 Words   |  4 Pagesorder of society. (Kuipers, 2007) Humor is the idea that a phenomenon can be conceptualized as originating from juxtaposing two or more conceptualizations that do not normatively speak or go together. Despite the social characterization in humor, sociology, this is the idea that studies society and human behavior, has not concerned itself much with humor. Humor is considered as a form of social deviance that can lead to positive sanctions as well as negative sanctions. Humor allows individuals toRead MoreThe Effects Of Urbanization, Industrialization, And Immigration On The Chicago Neighborhood Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pages In 1892, The University of Chicago became the first university in the United States of America to establish a department of sociology (Panzarella Vona, 2013). Within a couple of years, the University of Chicago would become the leading university in developing criminal theories. The top professors of the sociology department studied in France and Germany where there is an emphasis placed on the social influence in human behavior by using official records, such as court and welfare records, asRead MoreSocial Stratification: Through the eyes of Tà ¶nnies and Park1638 Words   |  7 PagesIn any study of urban sociology one is bound to encounter few scholars that have contributed as greatly to our current understanding of the structure and evolution of society as have Ferdinand Tà ¶nnies and Robert Park. Both born in the late nineteenth century and living well into the first part of the 20th century, affording each an opportunity to experience radical industrial growth, political a nd economic upheaval, and the first great international war. Despite these similarities, each theoristRead MoreThe Role Of Community On Natural Resources Conservation Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesCleaver KM, Schreiber GA (1994). Reversing the spiral: The population, agriculture, and environment nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa. The World Bank. Washington DC. Coleman, J. S. 1988. Social capital in the Creation of Human Capital: American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 94, Supplements95-s120. Dugan, jpg.1990. Wetland conservation: A Review of current issue and Action IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Fabricus, C., Koch, E.Magome.H. And Turner, S. (Eds) 2004. Rights, Resources and Rural Development: community basedRead MoreThe Development of the Chicago Schools1684 Words   |  7 Pagesdepartment of Sociology in 1892 its focus related to issues in Criminology and Sociology, with interests in and towards Social Psychology along with Urban Sociology. The main focus of the Chicago school was that human behaviour was both formed and shaped by the environment. T he social and the physical environment, that an individual resides in and that it was environment over genes that was the primary determinant to behaviour among humans. It was a man by name of Robert E. Park coined the termRead MoreWar : What Is It Good For?1386 Words   |  6 PagesSean Younce Professor Pokas Sociology 101 24 Jun 2015 War: What is it Good for? The three major sociological perspectives have conflicting viewpoints about warfare. The three sociological perspectives provide different interpretations of war. The Structural Functionalists focus on how war unites different peoples as they must work together to survive, as well as how war in general protect the freedom of the masses. Conflict Theorists focus on how militarism runs the world, from creating warRead MoreBlack History954 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Sociology Instructor: Jeanette Maxey November 11, 2012 Theorists of Choice W.E.B Du Bois Sociology is the study of group behavior through the use of scientific investigation and research (Vissing, 2011). This class has shown so many different views on sociology. It explains how different people see society and how they live and interact with them. My theorist of choice is W.E.B Du Bois, because he laid down the foundation for the study of black sociology and the work of

Marsh supermarket Example

Essays on Marsh supermarket Case Study and Marsh supermarket The Marsh Supermarkets is one of the biggest chain stores on the United States of America and even the entire world. The chain store operates more than one hundred and seventeen supermarkets. The major problem that the Marsh Supermarkets is facing is the increasing rate of fall or deterioration in sales. This has been attributed to a number of factors, but the major one is due to shifts in consumer behavior. The shifts in the behavior of consumers was largely caused by the recessions or financial crisis that hit the world, and more so the economy of the United States of America, which had substantial effects of the incomes of many individuals. Another thing that to some great extent led to reduced sales was stiff competition from the rival corporations such as the Wal-Mart and Kroger. Consequently, the company decided to carry out a study to fond out exactly the kind of goods or items that were performing badly in the market, and to what extent it had gone. The research that was conducted by the company was also aimed at trying to find out the possible solutions to the crisis or problems that is was facing. The study lasted for a period of sixty five days, and the UPC scanners that were fitted in all the test stores recorded sales of seventeen thousand, two hundred and twenty six different SKUs in one hundred and twenty key product categories (Don 6). The research operations department of the company recorded all the costs, which included store transportation and warehouse, inventory, occupancy and labor. The calculation of DPC was one of the most difficult procedures in the study. Nonetheless, we find that the items that appeared to record the highest DPCs were perishable or fragile merchandise, slow-moving goods, and labor intensive departments and products. For instance, charcoal scored a high of $0.37 DPC per unit, while the disposable diapers scored a low of $0.70 DPC per unit (Don 6). Some categories such as cosmetics and alcoholic beverages had poor scores of sales-per-foot, at $7.45 as well as $0.69 respectively. Whereas the average sales per client scores a low of $12.51, the results indicate that they actually spent the most per item, which stood at $2.50 and purchased a disproportionate share of items of high profits such as milk and commercial bread. The research had gone for a period of nearly one and quarter years to get completed and had captured about 98 million dollars in sales (Don 9). From the study carried out by the company and the results obtained, we find that they give a clear guideline for what should be done to save the situation. From the steady depreciation of falls after analyzing the behavior of consumers, I believe it is important for the company to embark on aggressive promotion and advertisement. The company should create awareness of its items, accompanied by their respective prices so that the consumers can be able know where to find them as well as compare them with competitors. Work cited Don E. Marsh Supermarkets, Inc. (A): The Marsh Super Study, 1995. Print.

What is Loneliness Free Essays

string(43) " him that he even offered a piece of cake\." The definition of loneliness is the feeling of â€Å"sadness because one has no friends or company,† according to the dictionary. Many people feel lonely from time to time. Most often people are lonely because their friends are not available at the time or that they don’t have any friends at all. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Loneliness? or any similar topic only for you Order Now People crave friendship and time with friends, but when being alone for a certain amount of time, people can feel lonely, (Marano, Hara). Furthermore, there are two type of loneliness:. sState loneliness and trait loneliness. â€Å"State loneliness usually occurs when a person move to a new place, like the person might move to a new city to work or to study,† (When Trait and State Loneliness Come Together). On the other hand, â€Å"In trait loneliness, the inherent traits of the person make him/her feel lonely,† (When Trait and State Loneliness Come Together). In other words, state loneliness is temporary, while trait loneliness is built-into a person and lasts a long time. State loneliness also largely depends on the situation a person is in. For example, a person could experience state loneliness when they move to a new school, as everything will be unfamiliar to them. However, trait loneliness has nothing to do with the situation a person is in. This is because their built-in traits and personality cause them to constantly feel lonely.CausesThere are quite a few reasons as to why someone might feel lonely. Gary J. Kennedy states that a person can feel lonely â€Å"due to death, geographic changes, or ‘lost contact.'† For instance, examples of death may be the death of a loved one, and having feelings of loss and grief for a period of time. Additionally, an example of a geographic change might be moving to a new state or country. People may also feel lonely because â€Å"they simply don’t see or talk to anyone very often† or â€Å"even though they are surrounded by people, they don’t feel understood or cared for,† (How to Cope With Loneliness). Furthermore, people who have friends may also feel lonely. The article â€Å"How to Cope With Loneliness† states, â€Å"You might feel that you have plenty of connections, but what is actually wrong is that you don’t feel close to them, or they don’t give you the care and attention you need.† All in all, there are many different ways a person could feel lonely. Physical EffectsFor starters, loneliness has physical effects on the human body. According to Gary Kennedy, loneliness can cause changes in the cardiovascular, hormonal, immune systems. For instance, people could experience heart damage, bone/muscle loss, higher infection risk, and frailty. In addition, the elderly have a higher chance of experiencing any of these risks. Furthermore, loneliness encourages artery erosion, high blood pressure, blood vessel damage, and deficient sleep. Turhan Canli, a professor of psychology and psychiatry, claims that â€Å"other illnesses and disorders are exacerbated in the presence of subjected social isolation.† In other words, loneliness has the capability of worsening previously owned illnesses and disorders. To illustrate, people who have Dementia could experience worsened symptoms if they are isolated for too long. The effects can be seen throughout the elder as feeling loneliness raises the risk of Dementia by 64%. Furthermore, there is also an increased risk of heart disease. Short term inflammation is crucial for the body to fight off infections, but when one is isolated for too long the inflammation turns chronic. Damaging the bodies tissues and blood vessels making them vulnerable to strokes heart attacks and other heart complications.(Biswas, 2015)Social EffectsAs most people already know, loneliness is a huge social problem. In fact, â€Å"According to researcher John Cacioppo at the University of Chicago, 20 percent of all people are unhappy because of social isolation at any given moment,† (Edmonds, Molly). Another statistic says that 1 in 5 Americans often experience loneliness. According to Hara Marano, psychologists have found that people have a â€Å"fundamental need for inclusion in group life and for close relationships.† That means that us humans need to have relationships in order to even survive. When we fulfill our social needs, it’s noticeably easier to motivate ourselves and overcome challenges.When a person experiences excessive loneliness during childhood, they are more likely to be antisocial their entire life. As a matter of fact, most school dropouts happen because students failed to be social as children. â€Å"It sets in motion a course on which children spin their way to outcast status and develop delinquency and other forms of antisocial behavior,† (Marano, Hara).Mental EffectsAlong with having physical effects, loneliness can also affect a person mentally. To start off, there is a great correlation between loneliness and stress, as loneliness often leads to higher stress levels. In more intense conditions, loneliness can cause depression. This includes feelings of hopelessness, increased disability, weight fluctuations, bad sleep, suicidal thoughts, and more. The increase of stress levels causes excess stress hormones to be released, which can have a negative effect on the mind. For example, stress hormones can rewire the brain’s hippocampus, the region of the brain mostly used for memory, emotions, navigation, etc. These hormones can affect a person’s perception, Carol Schaeffer claims. She says that â€Å"The ‘internal GPS’ of the brain is disturbed, depth perception is altered and where the body lies in relation to other objects in space in uncalibrated† (Schaeffer, Carol). In simpler terms, the release of excess stress hormones (due to loneliness) can change the perception of surroundings and sense of direction. Extreme loneliness can also cause hallucinations, especially in those who have experienced physical isolation for an extended amount of time. One extreme case of hallucination was the incident in 1895, where Joshua Slocum was circumnavigating the globe and said that he encountered Christopher Columbus’ ship â€Å"The Pinta†. Where he claimed he spoke to the pilot of the ship, and that he also navigated his ship through heavy weather while he lay ill. Another extreme case was in 1933 when Frank Smythe attempted to climb Mount Everest. Where he became so convinced that someone was traveling alongside him that he even offered a piece of cake. You read "What is Loneliness?" in category "Papers" (PsyPost, 2016) Despite the effects that feelings of loneliness can have on people, physical isolation has effects on people as well. One common example of pure isolation is solitary confinement, where prisoners are left in their prison cells for about 23 hours per day. According to Stuart Grassian, about one third of solitary inmates were â€Å"actively psychotic and/or suicidal.† Solitary confinement can cause panic attacks, cognitive difficulties, aggressive thoughts and fantasies, paranoia, loss of self control, oversensitivity, and hallucinations.One particular inmate that he interviewed said that he developed a strong obsession with the inability to feel his bladder was fully empty, he would stand hours on hours trying to pee. The obsessions they develop was a way for them to cope and maintain some sort of alertness.(PsyPost, 2016)Overall, the effects of physical and mental isolation are at a higher intensity than mental isolation alone because of the lack of social stimuli.Neurological Many changes occur in the brains of lonely people. For instance, studies have shown that loneliness was associated with higher levels of cortisol, often called a â€Å"stress hormone.† â€Å"Cortisol can help control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, help reduce inflammation, and assist with memory formulation,† (What is Cortisol?). This is because loneliness causes stress, which then causes cortisol to be released. High levels of cortisol can lead to Cushing’s syndrome, a syndrome that causes extreme weight gain in the face and torso.Experiments have shown that loneliness correlates with the amount of activity in the ventral striatum, a region of the brain that is linked to reward processing and plays a role in learning. For example, a study done by the University of Chicago found that when viewing pictures of people in pleasant settings, people who were deemed as â€Å"lonely† showed less activity in the ventral striatum than people who were deemed as â€Å"not lonely.† That concludes that lonely people have a weaker reward system than non lonely people. Other experiments have shown that loneliness during childhood can cause lifelong abnormalities and cognitive problems in the brain. A professor of neurology and otolaryngology named Gabriel Corfas performed an experiment on mice to figure out the relationship between brain abnormalities and cognitive problems that were caused by loneliness. To start off, he took baby mice from their mothers when they were 21 days old. Then he put some mice in groups of 4 in a regular lab environment, some mice in a rich environment with lots of other mice, and some mice in complete isolation. After 50 days, the mice were tested on their social and memory skills. The mice from the regular and rich environments performed well, but the isolated mice struggled with both skills.Corfas then examined the mice’s brains and found that the mice from the regular and rich environments had no abnormalities. On the other hand, the isolated mice had stumpy oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocytes, which are cells in the brain that support and insulate axons (axons are the long and skinny parts of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons) help speed up communication between neurons by creating supportive blankets made of myelin and wrapping them around axons. Normally, oligodendrocytes have long, complex projections, but in this case, the isolated mice had oligodendrocytes with short and simple projections. Because the mice had stumpy oligodendrocytes, the blankets of myelin that were to be wrapped around their axons were thinner, so communication between neurons in their brain was slowed. A similar experiment was done by a professor of neurology named Dr. Michael J. Zigmond. He put a group of mice in an environment where there was lots of space, interaction with other mice, and exercise opportunities. This was supposed to represent a general prison environment. On the contrary, he put another group of mice in their own separated shoeboxes with very limited space and no exercise opportunities. â€Å"The way the housing is set up is very much like many solitary housing arrangements,† (Zigmond, Michael). In other words, this was supposed to represent solitary confinement. Overall, Zigmond noticed that the isolated mice had simpler, less complex neurons in their brains, few connections, and communication between neurons.A study conducted on the 1950s by the University of Wisconsin psychologist Harry Harlow placed rhesus monkeys in a custom isolation chamber in the shape of an inverted pyramid. The chamber nicknamed â€Å"the pit of despair.† Had sides that were made very slippery making it impossible to get out. The after a day or two of research, Harlow already started seeing a change in monkeys behavior. Harlow reported that the subjects were hunched over in a corner rocking back and forth for long periods of time, circling the cage and mutilating themselves. Those who were kept in for short periods of time were able to adjust easily as opposed to those who were kept in for twelve months. Those â€Å"Twelve months of isolation almost obliterated the animals socially,† Harlow stated.(PBS, 2014)In addition a test conducted with 38 lonely people and 32 people non-lonely people were given words and instructed to tag them as ‘social/positive’, ‘social/negative’, ‘nonsocial/positive’ and ‘nonsocial/negative’ to see the different ways they responded.’ Subjects were attached to electrodes to read their brain waves. Lonely subjects became more attentive when were regarded as socially negative and also picked out socially threatening words more quickly. This suggesting that lonely people are subconsciously looking out for negativity. Non-lonely responded the same to both social and socially negative.(Richards, 2015) Human experiments are rare but a research conducted in 1951, researcher paid a group of male graduates to stay in small chamber for six weeks. The subjects were left in the chambers with goggles, earphones, and gloves limiting their sight, hearing, and touch. The only time they were allowed was when they had to go to the bathroom. CopingSome ways to prevent loneliness is to â€Å"Recognize that loneliness is a sign that something has to change.† Despite the fact that loneliness is a problem that can affect us negatively, there are many ways to cope with loneliness. What Can You Do To Help Someone Wh How to cite What is Loneliness?, Papers